
Fairy and folk tales are wonder tales involving marvellous elements and occurrences though not necessarily about fairies. The term embraces such popular folk tales as “Cindarella” and “Puss- in – boots” and art fairy tales of later invention, such as the Happy prince by Oscar Wild.It is often difficult to distinguish between tales of literary and oral origin, because folktales have received literary treatment from early and conversely literary tales have found their way back into the oral tradition. Early Italian collections such as (The Pleasant Nights, 1550) of Gianfrancesco Straparda and the Pentamerone(1634-36) if GFianbatista Basile contain reworkings in a highly literary style of such stories as “Snow White”, “Sleeping beauty” and “ The Maiden in the Tower”. A later French collection Charles Perault’s “Tales of Mother Goose,(1697) including “Cindarella”, “Little Red Ridinghood” and “beauty and the Beast” remains faithful to the oral tradition while the “Kinder und Hausmarchen,1812-15” of Brother Grimms are transcribed directly from oral renderings( although often from literate informants). The influence of Perrault and Grimm has been yet very great, and their versions have been commonly adopted as nursery tales among literate people in the west. E. g. Grimm’s “Rumpelstilskin” has replaced the native English “Tom Tit Tot’ and Perrault’s “Cindarella” has replaced “Cap o’ Rushes” once almost equally popular in oral tradition.
Art fairy tales were cultivated in the period of German Romanticism by Goethe, Ludwig Tieck, Hoffman and in Victorian England by John Ruskin ( The king of the Golden River, 1851) and Charles Kingsley(The Waterbabies, 1863), but few of these tales have found permanent popularity. The master of the art fairy tale, whose works rank with the traditional stories in universal popularity, is the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen. Though his stories have their roots in folk legend, they are personal in style and contain elements of autobiography and contemporary social satire.
20 century psychologists, notably Sigmund Froid and Carl Yung have interpreted elements of the fairy tale as manifestations of universal fears and desires. In his “Uses of Enchantment, 1976” Battleheim asserted that the apparently cruel and arbitrary nature of many folk and fairy tales is actually an instructive reflection of the child’s natural and necessary killing off of successive phases of development and initiation.
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий