It is the name
given to the
most dignified and
elaborate forms of
narrative poetry. Here
the word ‘epopee’
is used .When we
first discovered the
epos in Greek
literature hexameter
verse has already
been selected for its vehicle. In
this form epic
poems were composed
not merely dealing
with war and
personal romance, but with
a didactic or
religious purpose. The early
epic poets Lesches, Linus, Orpheus
Arctinus, Eugammon are the very
shadows ,whose names often
betray their symbolic
and fabulous character. The Illiad
and the Odyssey
form for us
the type of the
ancient epic, when we
speak about epic
poetry we unconsciously measure
it by the
example of the
Illiad and Odyssey. It is quite
certain however that
these poems had
not merely been
preceded by a
vast number of
revision of mythical
history of the country
but were accompanied
by innumerable poems
of a similar
character. When we pass from Homer
and Hesiod about
whose actual existence
critics will be
eternally divided we
reach in the
seventh century a
poet Peisander of
Phodes who wrote
an epic poem
the “Heracleia” of
which fragments remain. Other epic
writers who appear
to be historic
are Antimachus of
Colophor who wrote
Thebais, Penyasis who
like Peisander, celebrated
the feats of
Heracles Choerilus of
Samos, and Anyte of
whom we only
know that she
was an epic
poetess, and was called
the female Homer. In
the 6-th and
5-th centuries B.C.
there was a
school of Philosophical
epic Xenophanus Parmenides
and Empedocles being
the leaders.
From the dawn
of Latin literature
epic poetry seems
to have been
cultivated in Italy. A
Greek exile, named Livius
Andronicus, translated the Odyssey
into Latin during
the 1-st Punic
war, but the earliest
original epic of
Rome was the
lost Bellum Punicum
of Naevius, a work
to which Virgil
was indebted. A little
later Ennius composed
about 172 B.C.
in 18 books, a
historical epic of
the Annales dealing with
the whole Chronicle
of Rome. Virgil began
the most famous
of Roman epic
in the year
30 B.C. In the
next generation the
Pharsalia of Lucan, of
which Cato as
the type of
the republican spirit is
the hero was
the principle example
of Latin epic. Satius under the
Flavian emperors wrote
several epic poems, of which
Thebaid survives. In the
1-st century A.D.
Valerius Flaccus wrote
the Argonautica in
8 books and
Sitius Italicus the
Punic war in 17 books; these
authors show a
great decline in
taste and merit
.At the close
of the 4-th
century the style
revived with Claudius
who wrote the
Rape of Prosperine. With Cladian
the history of
epic poetry among the
ancient closes.
In mediaeval times
there existed a
large body of
narrative poetry to
which the general
title of epic
has usually been
given. Three principle schools
are recognized, the French, the
Teutonic and the
Icelandic. Teutonic epic poetry
deals with legends
founded on the
history of Germany
in the 4-th, 5-th, 6-th centuries, and in
particular with such
heroes as Ermanarie, Attila and
Theodorie. But there is
also an important group
in it which
deals with English
themes and among
these Beowulf, Waldere, The
Lay of maldon
and Finnesburh are
pre-eminent. To this group
is allied the
purely German poem
of Hilderbrand. Among these
Beowulf is the
only one which
exists in anything
like complete form
and it is
the most important
of all examples
of Teutonic epic. It
is written like
all old Teutonic
work of the
kind in alliterative
unrhymed rhytm.
The
surviving epical fragments of
Icelandic composition are
found thrown together
in the Codex
Pegius, under the title of
The Elder Edda a
most precious manuscript
discovered in the
17-th century. The French Mediaeval
epics are late in
comparison with those
of England , Germany and
Iceland .
They form a
curious transitional link
between primitive and
modern poetry; he literature
of civilized Europe
may be said
to begin with
them.
What
may be called
the artificial or
secondary epics of
modern Europe founded upon
an imitation of
the Illiad and
the Aeneid are
more numerous than
the ordinary reader
supposes. Although but few
of them have
preserved much vitality . In Italy
the Chansons de
Roland inspired romantic
epics Luigi Pulci (1432-87), whose Morgante
Maggiore appeared in the 1481, and
is a masterpiece
of burlesque; by M. M. Boiardo(1434-94), whose Orlando
Innamorato was finished
in 1486;by Francesco
Bello, whose Mambriano was
published in 1497; by
Lodovico Ariosto, whose
Orlando Furioso, by far
the greatest of
its class was
published in 1516
and by Luigi
Dolce(1508-68) as well as
by a great
number of less
illustrious poets. The most
splendid of all
the epics of
Italy however was
and remains the
Jerusalim Delivered of
Torquato Tass. Early Portuguese
literature is rich
in epic poems; but
all others are
observed by the
Glory Cameons whose
magnificent Lusiads had
been printed in 1572, and
forms the summit
of Portuguese literature. In Spanish
poetry the Poem of the Cid takes
the first place
as the great
national epic of
the middle ages; it
is supposed to have
been written between
1135 and 1175. Perhaps the
finest modern epic
in Spanish verse is
the Aracana(1569-90) of
Alonso de Ercillay
Zuniga(1533-1535) “the first
literary work of
merit” as Fitzmaurice-Kelly remarks
“composed in either
American continent”. In France
the epic never flourished
in Modern times
and no real
success attended even
the Henriade of
Voltaire. In the English
literature The Faery
Queen of Spenser
has the same
claim as the
Italian poems mentioned
above to bear
the name of
epic and Milton
who stands entirely
apart may be
said by his
isolated Paradise Lost
to take rank
with Homer and
Virgil.

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