Afro-Asiatic | |
| Ancient Egyptian, Coptic |
| Tamasheq (Tuareg), Kabyl, Rif |
| Hausa, Mandara |
| Beja, Somali, Oromo (Gallinya) |
| Walamo |
| Arabic, Hebrew, Maltese, Amharic, Tigre, Tigrinya, Akkadian, Assyrian, Aramaic |
Algic | Yurok, Wiyot, Cree, Ojibwa, Micmac, Fox, Shawnee, Blackfoot |
Altaic | |
| Classical Mongolian; Moghol, Dagur, Kalmyk, Oirat, Buriat, Khalkha (Modern Mongolian) |
| Even, Evenki, Manchu, Orok |
| Old Turkish; Turkish, Chuvash, Gagauz, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Uighur, Uzbek, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Yakut, Altai |
Andean | Iquito, Quechua, Aymara, Mapudungu (Araucanian) |
Australian | All the aboriginal languages of mainland Australia (but not of Tasmania) |
Austro-Asiatic | |
| Vietnamese, Muong, Khmer (Cambodian), Khasi, Nicobarese |
| Korku, Santali, Mundari, Korwa |
Austronesian | |
| Maluku languages (Taliabo, Geser, Kei, Yamdena); Timor-Flores languages (Sikka, Tetun, Letri Lgona); Waima'a; Bima-Sumba languages (Bima, Savu, Manggarai, Ngada) |
| Atayal; Tsou; Paiwan |
| Polynesian languages (Samoan, Tahitian, Maori, Hawaiian); Rotuman, Fijian; Micronesian languages (Marshallese, Trukese); Others (Sissano, Motu, Arawe, Simbo) |
| Kaiwai, Onin, Irahutu; Gane, Misool, Waigeo, Waropen |
| Philippines languages (Tagalog, Cebuano); Sundic languages (Malay, Bahasa Indonesia, Sundanese, Achinese, Javanese); Borneo languages (Melanau); Celebes languages (Bugis, Makassarese); Malagasy |
Aztec-Tanoan | Tanoan, Northern and Southern Paiute, Comanche, Hopi, Nahuatl (Aztec) |
Caddoan | Wichita, Pawnee |
Caucasian | |
| Kabardian, Abxaz, Chechen, Ingush, Avar, Dargwa |
| Georgian, Mingrelian, Laz |
Chibchan-Paezan | Tarascan, Yanonamö, Timucua, Guaymi, Paez, Cayapa-Colorado, Sanuma, Katio, Chibcha, Cuaiquer |
Chimakuan | Chimakum, Quileute |
Chukchi-Kamchatkan | Chukchi, Kerek, Koryak, Kamchadal |
Daic | Thai, Lao, Zhuang, Northern Thai, Southern Thai, Bouyei, Shan, Zhongjia, Kam, Li |
Dravidian | Brahui, Malto, Gondi, Kuvi, Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Toda |
Equatorial-Tucanoan | Cocama, Guarani, Tucano, Ticuna, Apurina, Baniwa, Guajajara, Kaiwa, Nhengatu, Terena |
Eskimo-Aleut | Aleut, Inuit, Yupik |
Ge-Pano-Carib | Chulupi, Vejoz, Toba, Galibi (Carib), Fulnio, Kaingang, Cayapo, Makushi |
Gulf | Yuki, Wappo, Natchez, Choctaw, Muskogee, Tunica |
Hokan | Karok, Shasta, Pomo languages, Washo, Yuma, Seri, Tlapanec |
Indo-European | Little-attested IE languages from antiquity: Illyrian, Venetic, Thracian, Dacian, Ligurian |
| Albanian |
| Hittite, Luwian, Lycian, Palaic |
| Armenian (Classical and Modern) |
| Latvian, Lithuanian, Old Prussian |
| Old Irish; Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish, Gaulish |
| Gothic, Old High German, Old English, Old Norse; English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German (High), Low German (Plattdeutsch), Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Faroese, Icelandic |
| Greek (Mycenaean and Classical Greek, ancient Greek dialects, Koine, Modern Greek) |
| Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian; Prakrit, Pali; Sinhalese, Kashmiri, Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Sindhi, Punjabi, Hindi-Urdu, Nepali, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese; Ossetic, Bactrian, Pashto, Baluchi, Kurdi, Farsi (Persian), Tajik; Romani (Gypsy) |
| Latin, Oscan, Umbrian |
| Romanian, Italian, Sardinian, Friulian, Romansh, Occitan, Franco-Provençal, French, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese |
| Old Church Slavonic; Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Sorbian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian |
| Tocharian (A and B) |
Indo-Pacific (Papuan) | Languages of New Guinea and of islands to its E and W which are not in the Austronesian family; also (possibly) extinct Tasmanian, and the (mostly) extinct languages of the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. |
Iroquoian | Huron, Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Cherokee |
Japanese | Japanese, Ryukyuan |
Khoisan | Hadza, !Kung (Qxû), Naron |
Korean | Korean |
Mayan | Huave, Totonac, Mixe, Yucatec (and other Mayan languages) |
Miao-Yao | Miao, Laka, Punu, Mien (Yao) |
Na-Dene | Tlingit, Haida, Athabaskan languages (incl. Navajo, Apache) |
Niger-Kordofanian | |
| Sango, Baya |
| Swahili, Kongo, Zulu, Xhosa, Lingala, Shona |
| Mossi |
| Kadugli, Rere |
| Ga, Yoruba, Igbo, Akan, Ewe |
| Maninka, Mende |
| Fulani, Wolof |
Nilo-Saharan | Songhai, Luo, Maasai |
Oto-Manguean | Amuzgo, Otomi, Mazahua, Pame, Mazatec |
Penutian | Yokuts languages, Miwok languages, Klamath, Lower/Upper Chinook, Tsimshian, Zuni |
Salish | Lillooet, Shuswap, Bella Coola, Comox, Sishistl, Squamish, Halkomelem, Straits Salish, Quinault, Tillamook |
Sino-Tibetan | |
| Pa-o, Pho, Kayeh |
| Old Chinese; Mandarin, Yue (Cantonese), Wu, Gan (Hakka), Min |
| Tibetan, Lepcha, Newari, Dzongkha (Bhutanese); Burmese, Kachin, Lolo, Lepcha; Bodo |
Siouan-Yuchi | Crow, Dakota (Sioux), Yuchi |
Uralic | |
| Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Xanty (Ostyak), Mansi (Vogul), Udmurt (Votyak), Komi (Ziryen), Mari (Cheremis), Mordvin, Saami (Lappish), Votic |
| Nenets, Enets, Selkup, Kamas |
| Yukaghir |
Wakashan | Kwakiutl, Bella Bella, Heiltsuk, Kitamat, Haisla, Nootka, Nitinat |
Language Isolates | Meroitic (in Africa); Beothuk, Chiquitano, Karankawa, Keres, Kutenai, Timucua (in the Americas); Ainu, Burushaski, Elamite, Gilyak, Hurrian, Ket, Nahali, Sumerian (in Asia); Basque, Etruscan, Pictish (?) (in Europe) |
суббота, 18 февраля 2012 г.
Classification of languages
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